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Item Restricted CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: THE CASE OF ONE-STOP-SHOPS (OSSS) IN KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2022-11-20) Abdullah, Mohammad Habib; Abdramanova, Dinara; Bekmagambetova, AspetSince their establishment in 2005, one of the major challenges at One-Stop-Shop Public Service Centers (OSS PSCs) in Kazakhstan has been the ineffectiveness of employees in providing better public services, mainly due to their maladaptation to the change (digitalization). Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to explore how employees at OSS PSCs in Kazakhstan can be effectively adapted to the change (digitalization) in order to provide world-class public services, particularly by implementing the ADKAR Change Management model in which ‘A’ stands for awareness of the need to change, ‘D’ stands for the desire to support and take part in the change, ‘K’ stands for knowledge of how to change, ‘A’ stands for the ability to implement the change, and ‘R’ stands for reinforcement to sustain the change. The data in this paper was collected mainly from the survey questionnaires which were distributed among 51 employees and semi-structured interviews which were conducted among 10 employees at 10 branches of One-Stop-Shops (OSSs) in Astana city. Based on the main findings of this research, there is a positive correlation between each element of the ADKAR Change Management model and effective performance of employees, especially at OSS PSCs in Kazakhstan. The limitation of this paper is in its scope since the main findings of this paper are based on the data collected only from Astana city. Limited literature is also another limitation of this paper. However, the findings of this paper can be used by the government of Kazakhstan to improve employees’ productivity at OSS PSCs as well as in other countries with similar contexts; it can also be used for further relevant researches and class discussions.Item Open Access SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL FUND OF REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2022-11-20) Sandybekova, Nurzhamal; Ibentayeva, Assel; Tleuov, NurkenThe active development of markets worldwide, globalization processes, resource curse, and permanent instability have led to the emergence of new financial institutions with the ability to exert a stabilizing influence on the global economy. For this purpose, sovereign wealth funds (hereinafter - SWF) were created. Recently, approximately 70 SWFs are operating worldwide. The creation and assets of sovereign funds have an impact on the external and internal balance of the national economy. The major principle was to establish the fund, which would become a «fund for future generations». Mostly, the income to the funds is tied to the commodity sector. However, with the advent of the «green economy», some of the funds adapt, diversify their investments and become non-commodity. However, there is a trend of renewable energy sources around the world. To what extent SWFs are resilient? Since Kazakhstan is at the top of the list of countries, producing oil and gas, the National Fund of Kazakhstan (hereinafter - NF) mostly depends on the commodity sector. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the activities of the NF. Especially after the Address of the Head of State Mr. Kassym-Zhomart Tokayev in September 2022, when it was announced the launch of the «National Fund for Children» program, this topic becomes relevant. Meanwhile, it is also often mentioned that the funds of the NF are excessively and inexpediently spent. The aim of this research is to analyze and identify the factors and problems which affect on sustainability and viability of our NF. Moreover, a research study in this field contributes to increasing NF’s revenues for future generations. The research methods will suggest identifying problems with transparency, governance, and profitability of NF to demonstrate sustainability and viability.Item Restricted EVALUATION OF CARBON PRICING IMPACTS ON THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University, Graduate School of Public Policy, 2023-11-05) Rakhimzhanov, Sultan; Bokeikhanov, Dauren; Zhalgabay, DaurenThis paper’s main research area is the extent to which carbon pricing has an impact on Kazakhstan's oil & gas industry. For this purpose, the research overviews the necessary energy policy reforms considering climate change issues and addressing the economic and social impacts of such reforms around the globe. It closely analyzes carbon pricing, particularly the emission trading systems of the world. The research identifies that Kazakhstan faces serious environmental issues and works on resolving it through environment-oriented policies and the Kazakhstan Emission Trading System (KZ ETS). The energy sector is the main emitter of greenhouse gases, and oil & gas sector is responsible for approximately 45% of energy consumption. Since the oil & gas sector is a private sector with access to international expertise in sustainability knowledge and sufficient funds to modernize equipment and introduce new technologies, it was chosen as the target for this research. Research conducts the overview of the KZ ETS system with references and comparisons to the international experience. It conducts the qualitative research in the form of interviews with the sample of specialists from the field of oil & gas, environment protection and state administration to identify the issues of KZ ETS and its potential to influence oil & gas companies.Item Restricted COMMUNICATION STRATEGY ABOUT THE PROJECT OF THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University, Graduate School of Public Policy, 2023-11-05) Akynov, Tomas; Gninenko, Saltanat; Kartpay, AldiyarOver the last two decades, the Kazakhstan government has discussed constructing a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) to pursue an energy security agenda and, more recently, carbon neutrality. However, government communication on this topic has been inconsistent and intermittent, and in the past four years, we observed an increase in communication conducted by the government. The NPP, being a grand project with multiple stakeholders and complex implications for the country, deserves close attention and careful consideration from the country as a whole. Thus, this paper aims to study the communication strategy regarding the construction of NPP in Kazakhstan. A modified Laswell model is used as a conceptual framework to analyze communication in terms of “Who, Says What, in Which Channel, to Whom, with What Feedback,” where the last category replaces measuring the effectiveness of communication due to its recency. Semi-structured interviews with two groups, representing government officials responsible for the communication and the expert community and civil society activists providing feedback on the communication strategy, contributed to the findings of this research. In addition, documents related to the PR campaign, the results of sociological research, and the social media pages of the primary stakeholders in communication were analyzed. The two key stakeholders responsible for the communication are Kazakhstan Nuclear Power Plants (KNPP) LLP and the Ministry of Energy (MoE). The themes they cover are energy deficiency, experts’ opinions on the NPP, peaceful nuclear, and other materials informing the population about the benefits of nuclear energy. However, the second group is quite negative about the reasons provided by the KNPP, MoE, and the government, emphasizing the lack of addressed risks and concerns. The paper ends with the relevant recommendations that seek to improve the communication strategy of the MoE and KNPP on the project of NPP.Item Open Access TO WHAT EXTENT DOES DIGITALIZATION AFFECT THE CORRUPTION RATE IN KAZAKHSTAN?(Nazarbayev University, Graduate School of Public Policy, 2023-11-05) Zhaubassar, Ablaikhan; Bozhanov, Adilkhan; Korotich, SauleIn the search for economic growth drivers, scholars identify consistent and transparent public policy as the foundation in any stage of a country's economic development. Transparency of public decisions and policy processes leads to the trust between government and society along with the national integrity, impartiality, accountability and low corruption level. Transparent and non-corrupted governance in Kazakhstan is supposed to be achieved by the mechanism of digitalization of public services. However, Kazakhstan as a sub-regional leader in e-governance still remains the outlier in terms of corruption combating. This research is aimed at analysis of linkage between digitalization and the corruption level. In spite of an array of studies on this theme, findings still present ambiguous interpretations. Our study makes an effort to understand the impact of digitalization in public services’ field on the corruption rate in Kazakhstan over the course of the last decade.Item Restricted ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS LIMITING GROWTH OF MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES IN KAZAKHSTAN(Graduate School of Public Policy, 2023-11-19) Kokkozov, Dimash; Zhuszhassarova, Meruyert; Myrzatay, GaukharWith the growth of entrepreneurship globally and its potential gains to the economy and society, governments are focusing efforts on creating the fertile ground for their talents to innovate, grow and flourish. Acknowledging the fact that entrepreneurial activity is no one’s priority, state policies and programs aim to foster entrepreneurial culture by easing the burden on business creation and facilitating a supportive environment. Kazakhstan’s policy priorities for entrepreneurship development have been on the agenda of the government over the twenty years with major focus on advancement of the institutional context. Progress in the development of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the last decenniums has not yet produced results that would allow Kazakhstan to fully benefit from SMEs contribution to employment and economic growth. Statistics on SME performance and their contribution towards GDP falling below the national targets reflects the necessity of further research in quest for the future success of SMEs. This is particularly relevant with the trend in declining number of medium-sized enterprises despite the state efforts to increase their share of contribution to the country's GDP. The thrust of this research, then, is to examine the factors limiting the growth of small enterprises and enhance recognition of the importance of medium-sized businesses that is currently undervalued in state policies.Item Restricted INVESTIGATING THE FACTORS THAT HINDER KAZAKHSTAN'S INVOLVEMENT WITH THE BRI(Nazarbayev University, Graduate School of Public Policy, 2023-11-05) Mahate, Wumuti; Burhani, Imam BaqirKazakhstan is one of China’s direct neighbors, and a prominent one by size and border. Therefore, Sino-Kazakh interactions are crucial, particularly in respect to Beijing's efforts to advance the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) throughout Eurasia. BRI is China's economic program that connects Asia and Europe and largely provides a basis for the transfer of goods from the East to the West and likewise from the West to the East. Therefore, in the present research, an attempt has been made to investigate the factors that hinder Kazakhstan's involvement with the BRI. In this research, it was conducted using qualitative methods and using first-hand (interviews) and second-hand sources (websites, articles, scientific journals, as well media. The results of this research have shown that Kazakhstan’s engagement with the BRI is becoming more complicated in the future. Based on findings of this research, Kazakhstan engagement with the BRI can lead to the reinforcement of corruption, as well as influence of China in the country. Furthermore, Kazakhstan has a long border with China, which has strengthened the government's and the country's citizens' concern about falling into a debt trap. In particular, there will be concerns for Kazakhstan because the BRI project's implementation failed to yield the same outcome for both countriesItem Open Access THE PERCEPTION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND GOALS OF THE PREFERENTIAL CAR LOAN PROGRAM REINTRODUCED IN 2022(Nazarbayev University, Graduate School of Public Policy, 2023-11-05) Kunbulatova, Diana; Mussabekov, Aidar; Kanatbayev, ArkhatThe frequent instability of world commodity prices and recurrent crises have forced Kazakhstan to restructure its economy and move away from the extraction and export of raw materials. These occurrences prompted Kazakhstan to undertake an exploration of potential strategies that would optimize economic outcomes, therefore introducing preferential lending programs. Existing theories and concepts emphasize the significance of government incentives promoting the automotive industry for technological, economic, and industrial advancements. Study findings analyzed the efficacy and practices of various automotive industries in different countries. Our theoretical framework illustrates how preferential lending, influenced by international experiences and government policies, contributes to the development of the automotive sector in Kazakhstan. Paradoxically, limited research on the concentration of the car loan market and the effective implementation of preferential lending programs in Kazakhstan seems to exist. In this regard, employing a descriptive and comparative research approach through the utilization of surveys, collected from the public, stakeholders, and experts, enabled the gathering of relevant data regarding the respondents' perceptions of the goals and effectiveness of the preferential car loan program (hereinafter - the Program). Our survey revealed the need for a more precise definition of the Program's goals. The survey results showed that most of the respondents perceive the Program primarily as a tool to help citizens buy cars and support the domestic auto industry while others recognize it as harming the environment. Our project proposes recommendations to improve the efficiency and transparency of the Program. These include defining objectives, introducing digital solutions, enforcing financial controls, enhancing public awareness, preventing car price increases, incentivizing electric vehicle production, and taking a holistic approach to automotive industry development. Implementing these proposals will allow Kazakhstan to optimize the preferential car loan program and more effectively address its objectives.Item Open Access PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING TRILINGUAL EDUCATION POLICY IN MAINSTREAM HIGH SCHOOLS OF KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2021-04-23) Khaldarova, Kholida; Abdisadyk, GulnarItem Open Access ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS IN KAZAKHSTAN: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF NORTH AND EAST KAZAKHSTAN OBLASTS(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2020-11) Tuleussarinova, Saule; Altybayeva, ZhaziraKazakhstan faces significant challenges in the field of mental health care and currently, there is an ongoing reform, which aims at improving the overall situation with the provision of quality care and transforming the Mental Health Centers throughout the country. This master’s project is a cross-sectional comparative case study of the organizational changes in two Mental Health Centers of North and East Kazakhstan Oblasts, which are taking place as part of the ongoing reform. The main goal of this study is to determine and analyze the key factors that have affected the organizational changes, as well as evaluate the differences in organizational changes between the two selected Mental Health Centers using such data collection methods as survey and in-depth interviews. The research findings of this study have demonstrated that the Mental Health Center in the East region experiences more challenges in organizational changes than the Mental Health Center in the North. Moreover, this research has shown the importance of such factors of organizational change as effective communication, commitment to changes, top management support, provision of resources and effectiveness of institutional changes. Keywords: Mental health care, Mental Health Center, North Kazakhstan Oblast, East Kazakhstan Oblast, organizational changes, primary care.Item Embargo PENSION SYSTEM REFORM IN KAZAKHSTAN BASED ON EXPERIENCE OF SINGAPORE(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2020-11-28) Kilibayev, Azamat; Sultanbekova, Ayana; Sadykov, MukhtarIn September 2019, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in his address to the Nation mentioned the possibility of using pension savings for buying a house or educational purposes and the reform of the pension system in general. The proposal was met by heated debates that mainly took place in the social media. However, lately, various proposals for reforming the pension system of the Republic of Kazakhstan have been vigorously discussed. The Singapore model is most often mentioned as a model of pension system and pension savings. One of the advantages of the Singapore model is the withdrawal of funds for purchase of housing, medicine or to pay for education. At the same time, different opinions are expressed regarding its feasibility and possible implementation in Kazakhstan. This study was aimed to analyze the issue of how applicable the Singaporean pension system for reforms in Kazakhstan. In general, this study is based on the qualitative analysis of primary and secondary data. As part of this work, 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with a range of local and international experts. In addition, a survey of the population was carried out regarding the planned pension reform in Kazakhstan. To determine the opinion of the population and conduct an analysis, two cities were selected (one city with population incomes higher the average national level and a city with population incomes below the average national level) Nur-Sultan and in Ust-Kamenogrosk. Also, an in-depth analysis of secondary data regarding the impact on the planned reform of the main features of the functioning of the pension system of Kazakhstan, the state budget, demographic changes was carried out, as well as a comparison with the Singapore model. The findings of the study show public attitudes towards the President's initiative, and the findings of this research indicate that there are other important factors that will have some influence on the successful implementation of the Singaporean model. Based on the analysis and the results of the study, policy recommendations were given to the Government of Kazakhstan, as well as lessons we can draw from the experience Singapore’s retirement funding system to refine Kazakhstan’s pension and social protection systems.Item Open Access DO IMPERFECTIONS IN LEGAL SYSTEM DISTORT REAL CASES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIMS IN KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2020-11-29) Kangozhina, Aliya; Ibragimova, Inara; Zhumagaliyev, ArdakThe human trafficking is one of the most profitable international crimes. Unfortunately, Kazakhstan is among notoriously known countries where human trafficking takes all possible forms. Being a country of origin, destination and transit, despite all the anti-human trafficking measures, this year Kazakhstan has been placed on the 2nd “tier” list of countries according to the Report of the US Government. It indicates that undertaken measures are not sufficient and the situation has deteriorated. One particular issue is that statistically the numbers of human trafficking cases are decreasing, which does not fit into preliminary information about increasing migration flows, the establishment of a whole Interdepartmental Commission on combating illegal export, import and trafficking in human beings and a major increasing concern about this issue by the Government. The goal of this study is to determine what are the factors that cause or influence distortions in the real numbers of human trafficking. For the purposes of this research several focus groups of respondents were interviewed in order to get a maximally full understanding of the reasons for these distortions. Lawyers, police officers, rehabilitation centers, NGOs and members of the Interdepartmental Commission altogether provided valuable insights. Our research findings allowed us to establish four main groups of factors - legal, social, economic and political - that have a negative impact on the process of detecting and investigating human trafficking cases, and as a result on a statistical reflection of these crimes. Precise recommendations are proposed as possible solutions on how to improve the system and dismantle future mishaps in recording data.Item Open Access Evaluation of River Basin Councils in Kazakhstan: the case of Aspara River(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2019) Zhalgas, Zhassulan; Alshagirov, OlzhasIn the 21st century, there are many challenges with water resources in the world. To battle these challenges, Kazakhstan introduced the hydrographic (river) basin management approach in 2004 by establishing River Basin Organisations (RBOs) to coordinate water uses on a basin level. In order to engage local stakeholders, the River Basin Councils (RBCs) were developed on the national level; the National Policy Dialogues (NPDs) on water issues were launched, as well. As a result, the water management process became more inclusive, participatory and responsive....Item Open Access Influence of line management on public servants’ motivation(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2019-11-24) Aliyev, Emirkhan; Bizhanov, Chingiz; Assylbekova, AidanaLine management practices are paid a vast amount of attention in the private sector and in international organizations in many countries, as it has a strong impact on employees’ motivation. Whether line management is also important in motivating public servants in Kazakhstan? The research team conducted a survey of the private and public sector employees to answer this question. The research was focused on line management practices and their influence on employees’ motivation in both sectors. As the results of the research showed, there is a strong correlation between line management practices and employees’ motivation and at the same time, there are differences in those practices between public and private sector, with private sector international companies being more effective in terms of line management. By outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research the qualitative data analysis was used in this project...Item Open Access Digitisation to optimise administrative procedures: a case study of Nazarbayev University(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2019-11-10) Turarkyzy, Meruyert; Nurtaza, AigerimThe term “Digitisation” has nowadays been mentioned in every talk, speech and in the leaders’ plans for nations. In fact, it has become a trend for public and private organisations to digitise as much as possible, including giant sectors of economy such as healthcare, education and public service as such. It can certainly be said that Kazakhstan does not stand as an exception, but proactively engages into programmes which are supposed to increase the overall efficiency. Although policy implementers act on the belief that digitisation of services is a great initiative aimed at optimising procedures for consumers, there are many milestones which appear in the way to effective implementation. Nazarbayev University is another organisation which, positioning itself as a modern and up-to-date university, attempts to adopt the latest digital changes....Item Restricted Identification of policy agenda in Kazakhstan via analysis of the annual presidential addresses and its (in) adequacy in the light of quality of state governance(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2018-11) Syzdykova, AizhanSetting a policy (or public, national, legislative) agenda is the most important source of presidential duties. It is done in order to influence and stimulate the relevant stakeholders of a public system for consideration of issues of specified polices. Among these stakeholders typically are governments, nations, media, Parliament and so on. In Kazakhstan this presidential duty or power is constitutionalized and implies that the Kazakhstani president regularly or annually addresses to citizens with a message about current circumstances in the country and shares the core guidelines of the domestic and international policies. Such constitutionalized opportunity is called the annual presidential address (or APA for short) and considered ad a major presidential communication tool for setting public agenda. Therefore, the already delivered 22 APAs are adequate source to identify how the Kazakhstani public agenda has been changed throughout a long-term period (over 20 years – from 1997 to 2018) in order to further explore how the annually set policy agenda have been reflected on the quality of governance over long-term period. This research’s results demonstrate that in comparison the domestic policy agenda has been dominant over the international policy agenda. Precisely, 92% of the contents of 22 APAs has been devoted to domestic policy agenda versus 8% - on the international one. In the domestic agenda, main attention has been spent on the Economic and Social issues rather than on the Administration and Democratization issues - 41.59% and 32.06% versus modest 11.87% and 6.90% respectively. The relevance of the annual policy agenda to the state governance is explained by possible reflection the former to the latter’s quality. Basically, the state governance is “…the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.” (The World Bank, 1996). With respect to Kazakhstan from 1997 to 2017 3 out of 6 dimensions of state governance (1)-“Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism”, (2)-“Government Effectiveness”, (3) “Rule of Law”, and (4)-“Regulatory Quality” have been improved - over 45% out of 100%. While 2 rest dimensions as (5) “Voice and 3 Accountability”, and (6) “Control of Corruption” steadily demonstrate low performance (up to 25%). According to the findings relatively heterogeneous non-rapid (60% maximum) and low (no more 25%) indicators of the quality of the governance in Kazakhstan reflect the constant stable focus of the annual policy agenda on the economic and social policies (41.59% and 32.06%). Additionally, within the annual policy agenda there have been relatively modest focus on the administration and democratization policies purposes of which relatively more associated with the good governance. Therefore, it is assumed that the aims of annual policy agenda could be reconsidered shifting from long-term focus on economic and social policies in order to advance quality of the governance in Kazakhstan.Item Restricted Factors Affecting The Use Of Electronic Payment System Cards In Astana Public Transport By The Citizens And Visitors Of The City(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2018-11-25) Kuandykov, Sultan; Raimzhan, MedetThis study analyzes the factors affecting the choice of Astana public transport passengers to use or not to use the electronic fare collection system introduced by city authorities in the end of 2016. Particularly it aims to identify the reasons leading to either choice. For the purpose of the study, we have conducted a survey of 103 people at the bus stops in different parts of the city. The study also presents some additional findings based on the closed ended questions of the survey which may of particular interest to the decision and policy makers. The results of the analysis show that the main reasons leading people to use the electronic fare collection system are its convenience, profitability and benefits to targeted social groups. Whereas the main reasons refraining commuters from using it are absence of need, lack of interest and a person’s being not a frequent user of public transport.Item Restricted Public service motivation in Astana(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2018) Konkakov, AlibekThis research studies public service motivation factors in Astana. Since it is the administrative center of Kazakhstan, which is a highly centralized state, and is the second largest city in the country, this study can be representative of the public service overall in Kazakhstan. The research was carried out by conducting survey among employees of Kazakhstan Industry Development Institute and current and former students of the Master of Public Administration program of the Nazarbayev University. The survey consisted of six questions – control questions on gender, age, type of organization of employment, length of work experience and type of position of employment – and a question on evaluation of importance of factors of PSM. Based on the theory, it was assumed that more preference for the latter, than to the former, would indicate higher degree of PSM among respondents. As a result of the research, it is established that, when not controlling for the types of organizations, both extrinsic and intrinsic motives were rather not important, than important for the population in explaining its job motivation factors. However, when controlling for the types of organizations, it is established that employees of state and quasi-state organizations demonstrate greater preference for extrinsic, than for intrinsic motives. In addition to the above result, the study also found that in Astana females tend to exhibit a higher level of public service motivation than males and that employees at managerial positions show propensity to exhibit higher level of public service motivation, than employees at non-managerial positions.Item Restricted Implementation of digitalization in secondary education in Kazakhstan(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2018-11-25) Tanaguzova, Elvira; Konakbayev, MadiThe study evaluates the effectiveness of using digitization tools in secondary education based on the interviews and surveys collected from teachers and directors of various schools in urban and rural areas of Kazakhstan. In general, the findings reveal that in the current period the government failed to ensure the successful implementation of digital tools into school curriculum. In particular, the estimates reveal that teachers find it inconvenient to use the digital tools both during their teaching and for the aim of keeping a record of marks, homeworks and schools rapports. The findings also identified that the main reasons for ineffectiveness of state digital program is computer illiteracy among teachers, poor provision of technical assistance in schools and lack of Internet access. 1Item Restricted The Comparative Advantages Of Kazakhstan In The Global Space Industry(Nazarbayev University Graduate School Of Public Policy, 2018-11-25) Kangozhin, Ilyas; Zhekey, Bakhyt; Koldassov, AidosThis project aims to identify the comparative advantage of the Baikonur cosmodrome in the global space industry. The project study includes the prospects for the development of the Baikonur cosmodrome as a community and aerospace center. The research analysis focuses on the Baikonur cosmodrome’s financing, technological, scientific utilization and identification of comparative advantages of the cosmodrome based on comparative advantage framework. The recommendations suggest to increase financing, promote private sector participation and further international engagement. Currently, Russian Federation is one of the active international participant. The research findings observed that the Baikonur cosmodrome has four comparative advantages such as its geographic location, reliable technologies, skilled workforce and potential area for international cooperation. This paper aimed to provide Baikonur cosmodrome’s comparative advantages in comparison with other international space ports.
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